The dichotomy between democracy and autocracy in the thought of Norberto Bobbio

Abstract

This paper aims to present the dichotomy between democracy and autocracy in the thought of the Italian philosopher Norberto Bobbio. Initially, the procedural conception of democracy is explained, understood as a set of formal rules that promote the substantive protection of freedom and equality. These rules of the democratic game propose both upward political participation and the defense of individual liberties, as well as the limitation of power and the autonomy of citizens in the making of laws. Next, the concept of autocracy is addressed as a heteronomous political model, opposed to democracy, thus establishing the dichotomous relationship between the two concepts. As an example of an autocratic government, Italian fascism is highlighted, an extreme political movement that consolidated itself violently in the early 20th century and gradually suppressed freedoms in Italy, progressing from restrictions on civil liberties to political freedoms. The analysis of Italian fascism is justified both by its contribution to the formation of Bobbio’s democratic thought and by constituting a historical reference of an autocratic regime of a dictatorial nature. Finally, in the concluding remarks, the political meaning of the dichotomous relationship between democracy and autocracy is further explored.